1. diuretics can help increase the renal urine excretion and remove excess water retained in the body.
2. Tips for taking diuretics, including avoid taking the diuretics before bedtime. Urination will increase after taking diuretics, which might interrupt your sleep. Monitoring body weight, which may help to adjust the diuretic dosage you're needed. If you have excessive body weight gain or loss, visit your doctor for adjusting diuretic dosage.

• Tips for taking Tolvaptan

Tolvaptan can be used for removing excess water in patients with heart failure, liver cirrhosis and hyponatremia caused by SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion). The patient should have blood test for the sodium concentration before and after tolvaptan use.

Ⅲ. Tips for taking diuretics

1. Avoid taking the diuretics before bedtime. Urination will increase after taking diuretics, which might interrupt your sleep.
2. Diuretics may cause stomach upset, so you can take the medication with food or milk.
3. Take the medicine on time every day according to the doctor's prescription. If you forget to take the medicine, you should take the medicine immediately; if it is close to the next time of taking the medicine, you do not need to take the medicine. Remember not to take double the amount and do not stop the medicine by yourself to avoid unstable condition.
4. Use of diuretics may precipitate gout attacks (hyperuricemia). Use of diuretics may also cause hypokalemia and hyponatremia. You need to have blood tests for electrolytes, uric acid, and renal function regularly.
5. If you also need to take Digoxin (an oral inotropic agent) at the same time, it is easily causing hypokalemia, which may increase the risk of Digoxin intoxication. Regular monitoring of serum sodium and potassium concentration and renal function is necessary.
6. Monitoring body weight, which may help to adjust diuretics dosage you needed. If you have excessive body weight gain or loss, visit your doctor for adjusting diuretic dosage.
7. If you have muscle weakness, cramps, dizziness, dyspnea, orthopnea, or lower limb edema etc., please inform your doctor then adjust diuretics dosage by the instructions.

Ⅳ. Conclusion: 

     Diuretics are used to remove excess water from the body by increasing the urination amount. Please take them by doctor’s prescription and instructions. If you are pregnant or breastfeeding, please discuss with your doctor first to make sure the medical treatment is safe.

V. References

1. 吳家瑋、王瑋婷、吳宜真（2019）‧慢性心臟衰竭常用藥物介紹‧台大護理，15(2)，5-13。https：//doi.org/10.6740/NTUHJN.201907_15(2).0002。
2. 臺中榮民總醫院（2020）‧臺中榮總藥品手冊查詢系統‧ https：//www. vghtc.gov.tw:8080/pharmacyHandbook/
3. Heidenreich, P. A., Bozkurt, B., Aguilar, D., Allen, L. A., Byun, J. J., Colvin, M. M., Deswal, A., Drazner, M. H., Dunlay, S. M., Evers, L. R., Fang, J. C., Fedson, S. E., Fonarow, G. C., Hayek, S. S., Hernandez, A. F., Khazanie, P., Kittleson, M. M., Lee, C. S., Link, M. S., …Wijeysundera, D. N., & Woo, Y. J.( 2022) ACC/AHA/HFSA guideline for the management of heart failure. Journal of Cardiac Failure, 28(5), e1-e167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardfail.2022.02.010