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[Learning points]
  1. Stones occur in the kidneys, ureters, bladder or urethra, where urine passes.
  2. Risk factors for urinary tract stones: insufficient water intake, unbalanced diet, long-term immobility, genetics, urinary tract obstruction or inflammation.
  3. Surgical treatments include: extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, transurethral ureteroscopy lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrostomy, and percutaneous nephrostomy lithotripsy.

What are urinary tract stones?
Urinary tract stones are common urinary diseases, with unknown etiology. They may occur at the kidney, ureter, bladder, or urethra where urine pass through. It may be associated with genetics, diet or drugs. The injury caused by the urinary stones may be symptomatic or asymptomatic.

The symptoms of stones
  1. Pain: urinary tract stones may cause flank pain, backache, testicular pain, abdominal fullness and pain.
  2.  Infections: stones may cause infection, such as fever, nausea, vomiting,   urinary frequency, hematuria, dysuria, painful urination .
  3. Obstruction: urinary tract stones may cause urinary tract obstruction to induce hydronephrosis and renal function impairment.
Medical treatment
  1.  Drink 2500 ~ 3000cc every day, and maintain daily urine output more than 2000ml.It is advised to increase water intake if sweating.
  2. To control infection with antibiotics, and Use analgesics to control pain.
  3. Proper exercise, jogging, swimming, up and down stairs or walking， to enhance stone expulsion and prevent stone recurrence.
Surgical treatment
  According to the patient's condition and needs, after discuss with the physicians, the following treatment will be recommended.
  1. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL): The extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy machines produce waves to destroy the stones that are less than 2 cm of crushed and located at the kidney or upper ureter.
  2. Ureteroscopic lithotripsy:The endoscope through the urethra into the bladder and ureter,after examine the ureter ,to destroy the stone in lithotripsy machine. 
  3. Percutaneous Nephrostomy (PCN): For the patient with upper urinary tract obstruction,to drain urine temporarily.It is performed under local anesthesia by the radiologist.The procedure is guided by ultrasound or X-ray, by the twelfth rib around the lower back near the waist, from one or both sides of the skin puncture , then the catheter is put into the renal pelvis.
  4. Percutaneous nephrostomy lithotripsy(PCNL) : The operation is performed in the operation room. After percutaneous by the radiologist, the urologist put nephroscopy tunned and fragment the stones with ultrasound, laser or shock wave. The stones are removed by forceps and nephrostomy tube is induced. PCNL is indicated in larger renal or upper ureter stone.
Preoperative preparations
  1.  Complete operation and anesthesia consent.
  2. Enema before sleep as ordered.
  3. Preoperative fasting after midnight, including food and water. 
Nurse care after the surgery
  1. There are intravenous catheter, foley or other drainage tubes. To keep all catheters patent is important.
  2. To start and intake by medical order, deep breathe, and cough are encouraged to enhance lung expansion.
  3. Ambulation as soon as possible, it is helpful for the prevention of complications.
  4. If the wounds get wet, inform nurses to change the dressing.
  5.  If the wound pain occurs, inform nurses to give you analgesics.
  6. Post operation urine color is usually light red, and will gradually become clear. It is needed to drink 2000cc-3000cc per day, to facilitate stone expulsion.
  7.  Regular OPD follow up: If the stones recur, stone unalysis or metabolic survey may be needed. 
 The prevention of stones
  1. Drink plenty of water, a pinch of salt reduction.
  2. Do not over distend your bladder; not a partial eclipse.
  3. Choose low fat, low-calorie foods.
  4. Obese people should attempt to lose weight.
  5. Intake sufficient water, at least 2000 ~ 3000cc per day.
Conclusion
Urinary tract stones are a common disease and are prone to relapse. Therefore, if you have stone-related symptoms (such as severe pain or hematuria, etc.), you should seek medical service as soon as possible. According to the results, appropriate treatment methods and dietary hygiene education should be given to avoid recurrence.
 
Reference

  1. Kachkoul, R., Touimi, G. B., El Mouhri, G., El Habbani, R., Mohim, M., & Lahrichi, A. (2023). Urolithiasis: History, epidemiology, aetiologic factors and management. Malaysian Journal of Pathology, 45(3), 333–352. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38155376

  2. Liu, Y., Zhang, H., Wen, Z., Jiang, Y., Huang, J., Wang, C., Chen, C., Wang, J., Bao, E., & Yang, X. (2023). Efficacy and safety of minimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus retrograde intrarenal surgery in the treatment of upper urinary tract stones (> 1 cm): A systematic review and meta-analysis of 18 randomized controlled trials. BMC Urology, 23(1), 171.

  3. Papatsoris, A., Budia Alba, A., Galán Llopis, J. A., Al Musafer, M., Alameedee, M., Ather, H., Caballero-Romeu, J. P., Costa-Bauzá, A., Dellis, A., El Howairis, M., Gambaro, G., Geavlete, B., Halinski, A., Hess, B., Jaffry, S., Kok, D., Kouicem, H., Llanes, L., Lopez Martinez, J. M., Popov, E., Rodgers, A., Soria, F., Stamatelou, K., Trinchieri, A., & Tuerk, C. (2024). Management of urinary stones: State of the art and future perspectives by experts in stone disease. Archivio Italiano di Urologia e Andrologia, 96(2), 12703. https://doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2024.12703


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    1. 護理衛教
    2. 目錄總覽
    3. Foreign Languages
    4. English
    資料夾名稱
    English
    上傳者
    李宜芬
    單位
    中榮護理衛教
    英文名稱
    Urinary tract stones Care
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    治療
    科別
    英語
    癌症照護
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    建立
    2024-02-26 17:05:10
    最近修訂
    2026-06-25 16:23:18
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    2026-06-25
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